"Today, magazines face competition from Internet–only e–zines, which have virtually no traditional paper, printing, or distribution costs, and are better versed in new media interactivity. Because of this they are able to serve even more specialized vertical communities — a function similar to today’s special interest and trade magazines. Magazines also face the television and radio industries’ entry into the text–based medium now available through the Internet. In sum, the four–color, text–based medium that magazines used to “own” has in many ways become available to virtually anyone with Web technology.
Meanwhile, magazine publishers are trying to find ways to best capitalize on the Internet without cannibalizing their own readers and advertisers (Marlatt, 2001; Woodard, 2001). According to a survey in Folio, a leading trade publication, 54.5 percent of the sampled magazine professionals feel that the integration of print and digital media is a top issue facing the industry — second only to circulation economics (Folio, 2001)."
http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/25561/1/how-the-internet-revived-the-zine-scene
"Once a necessity, used by movements such as punk and riot grrrl as a means to spread their manifestos, zines now come with a price. In 2015, we have the internet; an essentially free tool that provides us with every facet of information we could ever wish for. So why do young creatives keep returning to the printed word?
...zines offer a form of escapism that the constant pinging of social media notifications can only strive to achieve. Print offers no interruptions, and unlike dusty old glossies, provides a realistic proposition of what the future of media could look like. "
https://studybreaks.com/culture/the-resurgence-of-zine-culture-and-why-its-so-important/
"According to the Zinewiki, a zine is an independently published booklet, usually created by only one person (though that’s not always the case). They aren’t made for a large audience like a traditional magazine; instead, only a select number are printed and circulated, because they often deal with controversial or niche subjects. Zines are completely self-funded and are usually only sold to make up for the cost of production, often leaving the creators at a deficit.
But it’s not about the money, it’s about the message."
Post modernism.
http://mentalfloss.com/article/88911/brief-history-zines
History of Zines
https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/zine-and-done-it-8300830.html
“People are drawn to zine communities because they’re seeking answers and voices that they’re not seeing and hearing in mainstream media. Zines can shape social change in much the same way pop narratives shape mass culture. They can open dialogues and fuel movements in the same way that political pamphlets and queercore zines did; writing and reading zines can liberate people in very real, meaningful ways.”
https://blog.issuu.com/zines-vs-magazines/
The difference between a Magazine and a Zine
Audience and Post-modernism link - "Print zines are known to come in limited editions and often target a more specific audience than mainstream magazines. Rather than putting a large focus on profit, the goal of zines is often expression and creation. They are curated to reflect the creative eye or opinion of the editor."
Layout- "While formal magazines tend to stick to their typical layout format every issue, zines are created with more of a DIY-inspired look. Some have consistent aesthetics, while others change from issue to issue –– even from page to page. There is no set of guidelines for what zines should or shouldn’t do, leaving design and physical format completely open ended. They’ve been produced from photocopies, hand-sewn books, sketchbooks and a myriad of other ways, which has helped create an aesthetic that is wholly owned by zine makers worldwide."
Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and the Media, Volume 1
edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j6M5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1032&dq=zines+and+social+media&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj02rj187HgAhUTUhUIHVm6AK8Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=zines%20and%20social%20media&f=false
Media/Society: Industries, Images, and Audiences
By David Croteau, William Hoynes
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UkHMl0uhhZYC&pg=PA249&dq=zines+and+social+media&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj02rj187HgAhUTUhUIHVm6AK8Q6AEIVTAI#v=onepage&q=zines%20and%20social%20media&f=false
https://issuu.com/thepublicstudio/docs/metazine-final-interactive
https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1092&context=grcsp
"The Importance of the Do-It-Yourself Ethic
The participants in the study had varied opinions about the relative importance
of the DIY ethic in zine-making. Schwenk considered DIY as the “cornerstone of zine-making. Without self-sustainability, you might as well bargain with capital interests.” Her opinion highlights the idea that there is a distinct freedom of expression that comes from completely detaching oneself from corporate sponsorship or necessity. "
"If one considers a blog to be the digital equivalent of a zine, where does the DIY ethic play in? Would using website template or themes be considered inauthentic, as opposed to the purposefully designed and manufactured physicalitity of zines? Almost all of the participants in the study championed the DIY effort as a crucial part of the zine-making process."
One perspective: E-zines are considered not comparable to the essence of zines - their importance lies in their printed form as a publication that goes against the mainstream which is the digitalisation of publications and therefore now more than ever, zines in printed form are important.
"This concept is a strong argument that digital zines have great value, as the origin of zines was to spread information to people who may not otherwise have access (i.e. said information is blocked by traditional publishing industries)."
Opposing perspective: E-zines are important and can be considered the same as zines as they allow for more accessibility and possibly more communication, therefore representing the reason for zines - as a platform to spread information that wasn't generally accessible.
"Canvas believed that there will be less zines in the future, due to the rising costs and in- conveniences of traditional zine-making processes, such as rising Xerox copying costs. He asserted that there will be “more blogs and less zines” within the next decade, but that this fact “will only make those fewer zines even cooler.”
One Perspective: Zines will decline as a result of costs rising however they would still remain special.
"Schwenk, Mayne, and Barragan agreed that zines will continue to exist, but not merely as craft projects or art pieces--but as important tools of communication. Schwenk stated that “as long as society has a voice, print zines will continue to be produced and collected...[Digital] formats are volatile and easily corruptible.” Mayne contended that a rise in zine popularity could be anticipated as “the public becomes more disenchanted with the highly censored mainstream media and the digitizing of everything around us.”
Opposing Perspective: Zines will remain popular and become more important as a method of communication in response to the digitalisation of every publication; a rejection of corporations and censorship. Mediation of interests.
"The conclusion that can be drawn from the research is that zines have an inher- ent value that cannot (currently) be recreated in full through a digital medium. "
https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/07/fashion/sundaystyles/07ZINES.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/28/magazine/why-the-internet-didnt-kill-zines.html
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